Integrating Indigenous Building Techniques into Modern Housing: Case Studies from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and Kurdistan, Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38027/jsalutogenic_vol5no1_5Keywords:
Vernacular architecture, indigenous building techniques, KwaZulu-Natal, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, sustainable housingAbstract
Climate change, resource depletion, energy consumption, and the loss of cultural identity present major challenges for modern housing. Indigenous and vernacular architecture offers valuable knowledge developed in response to local climatic, material, and social conditions. This study explores the integration of indigenous building techniques into contemporary housing through a comparative analysis of traditional housing in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa, and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Using a qualitative comparative case-study approach, the study examines climate-responsive design, indigenous materials, construction techniques, spatial organization, environmental performance, and cultural values. Despite significant climatic and geographical differences, both regions demonstrate common sustainability principles, including the use of local materials, passive environmental strategies, resource efficiency, and community-oriented planning. Traditional Zulu houses respond to humid subtropical conditions through lightweight structures, natural ventilation, earth-based materials, and communal settlements. Conversely, Kurdish vernacular architecture in Tawela village adapts to a mountainous continental climate through compact forms, south-facing orientation, thick stone masonry, thermal mass, and passive solar strategies. The findings highlight indigenous techniques as valuable for improving thermal comfort, reducing energy demand, enhancing affordability, and preserving cultural identity. The study proposes an integration framework based on environmental responsiveness, sustainable materials, cultural continuity, and technological adaptation to support resilient and locally appropriate contemporary housing.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Mbalenhle Ndumo, Ahmed Q. Ahmed, Chawan M. Rasheed (Author)
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